Relationship Between Satisfaction with Life To Social Network Size Essay

Abstract     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dilemma in society are how to pursue pleasure or a source of happiness. The effect that society has on a individual leaves them oblivious to the source of gratitude. Simple acts of kindness are akin to the source of what people find most important.   The data that was used to answers the personal questions that were designed to determine the statistical source of the personality type.   The attributes of a personality type that contribute to the situation are statistically proven. The personality types that become involved with others individuals find themselves in a similar situation.   The relevance of the importance topic pertains to the effect on the individuals and those that they involve.   The information will help develop the future behavior that is attributed to kindness. Research that could have an effect on the ability to continue with the conscious habits of appreciation.   The natural tendencies of people as they seek satisfaction in life should always be aware of how their surroundings affect their neighbors. Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The personality types that are inclined to be involved in efforts that are for the greater good.   The studies that have tract the ability of a mind and its efforts to involve the humanitarian efforts through conscious efforts or non- conscious habits.   The ideology that is strived for as the various mindsets that are guided in the practicality of gratitude, in every facet of existence.   There are different mindset that are attributed to their expected outcome of a situation.   It has been studied that there are few rational that can explain the motivations of an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every individual can be categorized as their physical descriptions eliminate the possibilities.   The methods that are used to determine the psychological profile of the individual also is categorically determined.   The determination of the personality types is commonly referred to as the Big Five.   This offer the determination of the extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.   These characteristics that are used to determine the tendencies of an individual are often seen in their persona or attitude.   Every individual was aware of their participation and the data that was to be collected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research that has been accumulated has a further understanding of the motivation that allows others to be assisted   by their physical determinations. The further science can be explained as to the reasons of or what creates gratitude, the quicker a mind can be assisted in realizing another perspective.   At the conclusion of a study the   participants were realizing that their behaviors were measured only for data; however, the conscious decision to include this new behavior in their own life is a personal choice. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The objectives that have been stated throughout the research was to determine the reasons for gratitude and the motivation that leads one to involve it in their lifestyle.   A publication by Health Psychology was used to determine the scale of dispositional optimism. The efforts that are needed in society can be developed by having the conscious mindset that is conducive to the philanthropic contribution.   Those that seek the emotional effect that it has on their life is directly linked to the gratitude that they exhort in common situations. The recent efforts to examine the problems that are linked to the lack of social awareness or concerns that are a direct correlation to the efforts of any individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The triangulation of the tendencies that are to be a desired behavior in society and its resulting actions.   The surveys that was conducted in 1985, pertained to life’s orientation of how it was used to determine the optimism and expectancy.(SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) Questionnaire was regularly   handed out in efforts to ascertain the need of self consciousness.   The health concerns that related to the survey were between the related theories and the orientation of the scale. The different tests have been previously designed by other psychologists.   The most important test was the designed by Saucer.   It is used to determine the psychological scale known as the Big 5. It categorizes the personality types such as extrovert or introverts and their interactions.   This enabled the team of Belk and Richin to use their materialism tests to determine the scale.   The Belk version is used to measure the pro-sociality and the levels of gratitude.  Ã‚   It assists in determining the life satisfaction, envy, perspective- taking, and spiritual transcendence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similar in design; however, the Richin material test is used calculate the success and happiness.   McCollogh published an article in 2001 that proposed several directions for future research on gratitude that included psychometrics.   The effect of gratitude has motivated the returning of the act.   It presented several issues that had to be answered.   Others that contributed to the research were P.C. Ellsworht and C.A. Smith.   The article- Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal- differentiate pleasant emotions shared in their research that the adjective of loving, grateful, friendly, and admirer had a structure that was a trifold cluster of the satisfaction of the senses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remaining data that had to be contributed was primarily used to support the research that already been completed.   Butler’s research, 3 studies in 4 years, were all pertaining to the structural equation stated that the one factor solution for the six retaining items were assessed.   It was used to determine the statistics of processing that information in a standardized square. Increasing the likelihood of finding the adequate parameters.   Those various tests were designed to determine the accurate measurement.   The variable tests that are used to compile the data. Thus the information that has been processed through those test is accurate enough to determine the weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concerning that are the three psychological domains are : 1) emotional as the primary concern is the well being   2)social interaction  Ã‚   3)spirituality and religion , all of these have a direct influence into the development of gratitude.   (McCullough et al., 4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that involve themselves have a mentality more empathetic, forgiving, helpful, and supportive.   All those characteristics are trademarks of a productive individual or a conducive environment.   The emotions that one feels is often due to the requirement of those that the individual surrounds themselves.   The people that are noticed by their gaps in their emotional well being are those that need to be aware of their social and spiritual priorities.   According Emmons and Tsung, the trait that are classified by the Big Five (John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991) can be categorized as an individual that is grateful as more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gratefulness as the generic term is applied to many aspects of the mind.   Emotions, disposition, and attributes of an individual all contribute to the person’s willingness or non-conscious efforts in what is considered volunteer work.   The compassion that is conducive to many of the situations that are needed for others to appreciate what is accomplished.   The premise or higher ideology is considered spiritual. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those that were involved in developing the study were following the guidelines that are designed to keep the data resources non bias. The participants were 91 students, 23 male (25.3%), 68 female (74.7%) enrolled in Research Method in Psychology class at the California State University, Fullerton. The demographics were reflective of the populous and the involvement was voluntary. These participants range from 19 years old to 46 years old. The demographics are categorized in the Table 1.   The second study involved 1228 adult volunteers. The majority were women and almost 90% were Caucasian. All of these participants were involved with spirituality and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conduct this research participants were ask to complete a questionnaire, which was used to determine demographics and how it affected the tests, PANAS (Watson, Clark, Tellegen), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, Lepper), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin), Gratitude questionnaire (McCullough, Emmons), Tendency to Forgive Scale (Brown), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg), Life Orientation Test (Scheier), Lubben Social Network Scale (Lubben) and Big Five Inventory Scale (John, Donahue, Kentle). Each participant received a questionnaire that had a description of the study and instructions. The participants were asked to provide some cursory information indicating their gender, age, level of education, and language preference. The PANAS was designed so that the individuals words would describe their different feelings and emotions. The participants were asked to indicate to what extent they have felt each feeling or emotion listed in the past two weeks at the time of the survey. A scale of 1-5 (very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely) was used to record their answers. The Subjective Happiness   and Satisfaction Life Scale consists of questions to rate how happy the participants perceive themselves to be on a sliding scale.  Ã‚   The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure of life’s satisfactions and how they developed by Ed Diener and colleagues (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985). Life satisfaction is one factor that is more of a general construct than a subject that pertains to well being. Theory and research from fields outside of rehabilitation have suggested that subjective well being has at least three components, positive affective appraisal, negative affective appraisal, and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is distinguished from affective appraisal in that it is more cognitively than emotionally driven. Life satisfaction can be assessed specific to a particular domain of life or globally. The SWLS is a global measure of life satisfaction (Corrigan, 2000). The Life Orientation Test rates how optimistic or pessimistic the participants are in the Lubben social networking which consists of similarly designed questions that involved all aspects of the individuals life. The importance of social ties in the lives of older people has becoming increasingly recognized as strong associations have been consistently found between social support networks for physical and mental health. The Big Five inventory consists of a number of characteristics that may or may not apply to participants. (McCullough et al, 5) The participants were asked to rate the applicability of each characteristic to themselves in a scale of 1-5.   The factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) or from the Five Factor Model (FFM). This consists of the following 5 factors: urgency, agreeableness, dependability, emotional stability, and culture. Each factor consists of a number of more specific traits. For example, extraversion includes such related qualities as sociability, excitement seeking, and positive emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaires were handed out to all participants in the classroom of research method in psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent and debriefing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This effort was similar to previous efforts to compile a thorough report that supported the thesis of generosity and the appreciative nature.   The information compiled and addressed several important fundamental aspects of life.         The three studies showed that all indications of a grateful disposition is social desirable.   The data that was used contained self reports examined and how it ranked.   Next, the disposition was calculated from life’s satisfaction of vitality, happiness, hope, and optimism.    The response were then empirically calculated.   Third step was determining the lower order traits that contained the emotions pertaining to well being, willingness, and spirituality aspects that pertain to life and the coping mechanisms that can disable the ability to consciously be thankful and helpful.   The last steps involved bringing the personality traits that are determined by the Big Five and the common association that are in sync or are agreeable. Results   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of previous efforts and the most recent data provided support the thesis. The measures of affectivity and life satisfaction in all areas that were tested are conducted to determine the next course of action for testing and retesting as for accuracy.   The information that is issued and used to understand the importance of life satisfactions, vitality, subjective happiness, optimism, and hope. It is to understand these simple concepts that the affectivity and life satisfaction was determined with positive and negative affects that would influence the psychological symptoms.   This includes the variable that resulted in understanding prosociality.   The disposition with empathy and social desirability were used to validate the believe that the spirituality and religiousness would have supported any concept of what and why people are appreciative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of the first study that involved the information gathered from the Big Five assessment and variable ranking scale of a certain â€Å"idea† or ideal. The analysis that was used to calculate the self report and the measure of affectivity and life situation with the greatest weight.   This was closely supported by the remaining questions and their assessment as it was placed through the structural equation model.   The statistical equation determined the validity of each section as it is compared. A t-test was conducted to determine whether or not there are social sizes difference in satification with life for people with optimism, and conscientiousness. The results those showed that smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were significantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05; t(89)= -3.79, p.001). The result showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the Satisfaction with life and the Optimism (r=.54, p.001), there was a strong positive correlation between conscientiousness and satification with life (r=.22, p.04).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effect on an individual’s answer is the influenced by their interaction in certain situations.   The factor that are used to determine the type of person that is in a situation that are agreeable, conscientious, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness.   The types of individuals that one associates with fall into four categories – friend, relative, romantic partners, and coworker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results of a variable of 39 questions statistically check and recheck so that the validity would be accurate.   When determining the optimism of how the â€Å"Big Five† personality effectors are involved.   It was used to the one factor system of gratitude and vitality. Using the two factor solution fit better as the correlation factors were at r=.46, p

Memo and Notice of Meeting Example Essay

Please be reminded that prompt and efficient service is the key to a successful business. The clients you serve are the business’ future and maintaining a good relationship with them is very important. A good relationship with clients can only be maintained through Prompt and Efficient Service. Delivering, collecting and repairing machines promptly is vital to the survival of a company. Therefore, you are reminded to act promptly. It is also important that there be proper communication with clients if there is a problem. We almost lost a client as a result of improper behaviour. TES VOLUNTARY CARERS ASSOCIATION NOTICE OF MEETING The TES Voluntary Carers Association, Manchester Division, Monthly meeting will be held on Tuesday, March 27 2011 at 9:00 am in Room 803 on the 3rd floor of the Technical Ed. Building St Hews College, 252 Manchester Road Mandeville AGENDA 1Call to Order 2Invocation 3Welcome/ Apologies 4Minutes of last Meeting 5Matter arising from Minutes 6Correspondence 7Reports (a)Director of Social and inter clubbing (b)Treasurer’s report 8New Business 9Any Other Business 10Date of next Meeting 11Adjournment extra words The field slaves had the most difficult time among the different slaves. They had to work longer than any other kind of slave. They usually worked from sunrise to sunset in comparison to the house slaves who only worked a few hours. House slaves were treated far better than the field slaves as some were treated like the slave-owner’s children. The House slaves were kept clean, well dressed, and were allowed to speak much more often because they served the food to the owners and their guests. In fact the house slaves were allowed to eat in the house, not at the table but usually in a back room. As for the FS, they usually ate out in the barn with the animals and were only fed enough to keep them strong enough to work. Field slaves were often whipped, sometimes for without a reason. Their jobs included hoeing, harvesting, ploughing, mowing etc. However, all the slaves whether domestic, factory or field had some things in common in terms of their lifestyle. Most of the slaves were illiterate and the masters did what they could to keep them this way for various reasons. Slaves were allocated a region of the plantation for their living quarters. Slaves houses were usually wooden shacks with dirt floors, but sometimes houses were made of boards nailed up with cracks stuffed with rags. The beds were collected pieces of straw or grass, and old rags, and only one blanket for a covering. A single room could have up to a dozen people-men, women, and children. Another similarity they shared was that they all had a master who they had to obey. They would be punished for murder, robbery, arson or assault upon a white person. Slaves could be killed for murder, burglary, arson, and assault upon a white person. Plantation owners believed that this severe discipline would make the slaves too scared to rebel. Slaves were also whipped.

Case Nestle

NESTLE CASE STUDY Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational businesses. The company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by Heinrich Nestle, who established Nestle to distribute â€Å"milk food,† a type of infant food he had invented that was made from powdered milk, baked food, and sugar. From its very early days, the company looked to other countries for growth opportunities, establishing its first foreign offices in London in 1868. In 1905, the company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, thereby broadening the company’s product line to include both condensed milk and infant formulas.Forced by Switzerland’s small size to look outside’ its borders for growth opportunities, Nestle established condensed milk and infant food processing plants in the United States and Britain in the late 19th century and in Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia in the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1929, Nestle moved into the chocolate business when it acquired a Swiss chocolate maker. This was followed in 1938 by the development of Nestle’s most revolutionary product, Nescafe, the world’s first soluble coffee drink.After World War 11, Nestle continued to expand into other areas of the food business, primarily through a series of acquisitions that included Maggi (1947), Cross & Blackwell (1960), Findus (1962), Libby’s (1970), Stouffer’s (1973), Carnation (1985), Rowntree (1988), and Perrier (1992). By the late 1990s, Nestle had 500 factories in 76 countries and sold its products in a staggering 193 nations-almost every country in the world. In 1998, the company generated sales of close to SWF 72 billion ($51 billion), only 1 percent of which occurred in its home country.Similarly, only 3 percent of its- 210,000 employees were located in Switzerland. Nestle was the world’s biggest maker of infant formula, powdered milk, chocolates, instant coffee, soups, and mineral waters. It was number t wo in ice cream, breakfast cereals, and pet food. Roughly 38 percent of its food sales were made in Europe, 32 percent in the Americas, and 20 percent in Africa and Asia. Management Structure Nestle is a decentralized organization. Responsibility for operating decisions is pushed down to local units, which typically enjoy a high degree f autonomy with regard to decisions involving pricing, distribution, marketing, human resources, and so on. At the same time, the company is organized into seven worldwide strategic business units (SBUs) that have responsibility for high-level strategic decisions and business development. For example, a strategic business unit focuses on coffee and beverages. Another one focuses on confectionery and ice cream. These SBUs engage in overall strategy development, including acquisitions and market entry strategy. In recent years, two-thirds of Nestle’s growth has come from acquisitions, so this is a critical function.Running in parallel to this str ucture is a regional organization that divides the world into five major geographical zones, such as Europe, North America and Asia. The regional organizations assist in the overall strategy development process and are responsible for developing regional strategies (an example would be Nestle’s strategy in the Middle East, which was discussed earlier). Neither the SBU nor regional managers, however, get involved in local operating or strategic decisions on anything other than an exceptional basis.Although Nestle makes intensive use of local managers to knit its diverse worldwide operations together, the company relies on its â€Å"expatriate army. †Ã‚   This consists of about 700 managers who spend the bulk of their careers on foreign assignments, moving from one country to the next. Selected primarily on the basis of their ability, drive and willingness to live a quasi-nomadic lifestyle, these individuals often work in half-a-dozen natiosn during their careers. Nestle also uses management development programs as a strategic tool for creating an  esprit de corps  among managers.At Rive-Reine, the company’s international training center in Switzerland, the company brings together, managers from around the world, at different stages in their careers, for specially targetted development programs of two to three weeks’ duration. The objective of these programs is to give the managers a better understanding of Nestle’s culture and strategy, and to give them access to the company’s top management. The research and development operation has a special place within Nestle, which is not surprising for a company that was established to commercialize innovative foodstuffs.The R&D function comprises 18 different groups that operate in 11 countries throughout the world. Nestle spends approximately 1 percent of its annual sales revenue on R&D and has 3,100 employees dedicated to the function. Around 70 percent of the R&D budget i s spent on development initiatives. These initiatives focus on developing products and processes that fulfill market needs, as identified by the SBUs, in concert with regional and local managers. For example, Nestle instant noodle products were originally developed by the R&D group in response to the perceived needs of local operating companies through the Asian region.The company also has longer-term development projects that focus on developing new technological platforms, such as non-animal protein sources or agricultural biotechnology products. A Growth Strategy for the 21st  Century Despite its undisputed success, Nestle realized by the early 1990s, that it faced significant challenges in maintaining its growth rate. The large Western European and North American markets were mature. In several countries, population growth had stagnated and in some, there had been a small decline in food consumption.The retail environment in many Western nations had become increasingly challen ging and the balance of power was shifting away from the large-scale manufacturers of branded foods and beverages, and toward nationwide supermarket and discount chains. Increasingly, retailers found themselves in the unfamiliar position of playing off against each other – manufacturers of branded foods, thus bargaining down prices. Particularly in Europe, this trend was enhanced by the successful introduction of private-label brands by several of Europe’s leading supermarket chains.The results included increased price competition in several key segments of the food and beverage market, such as cereals, coffee and soft drinks. At Nestle, one response has been to look toward emerging markets in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America for growth possibilities. The logic is simple and obvious – a combination of economic and population growth, when coupled with the widespread adoption of market-oriented economic policies by the governments of many developing nations, makes for attractive business opportunities.Many of these countries are still relatively poor, but their economies are growing rapidly. For example, if current economic growth forecasts occur, by 2010, there will be 700 million people in China and India that have income levels approaching those of Spain in the mid-1990s. As income levels rise, it is increasingly likely that consumers in these nations will start to substitute branded food products for basic foodstuffs, creating a large market opportunity for companies such as Nestle.In general, the company’s strategy had been to enter emerging markets early – before competitors – and build a substantial position by selling basic food items that appeal to the local population base, such as infant formula, condensed milk, noodles and tofu. By narrowing its initial market focus to just a handful of strategic brands, Nestle claims it can simplify life, reduce risk, and concentrate its marketing resources and manager ial effort on a limited number of key niches. The goal is to build a commanding market position in each of these niches.By pursuing such a strategy, Nestle has taken as much as 85 percent of the market for instant coffee in Mexico, 66 percent of the market for powdered milk in the Philippines, and 70 percent of the markets for soups in Chile. As income levels rise, the company progressively moves out from these niches, introducing more upscale items, such as mineral water, chocolate, cookies, and prepared foodstuffs. Although the company is known worldwide for several key brands, such as Nescafe, it uses local brands in many markets.The company owns 8,500 brands, but only 750 of them are registered in more than one country, and only 80 are registered in more than 10 countries. While the company will use the same â€Å"global brands† in multiple developed markets, in the developing world it focuses on trying to optimize ingredients and processing technology to local conditions and then using a brand name that resonates locally. Customization rather than globalization is the key to the company’s strategy in emerging markets. Executing the StrategySuccessful execution of the strategy for developing markets requires a degree of flexibility, an ability to adapt in often unforeseen ways to local conditions, and a long-term perspective that puts building a sustainable business before short-term profitability. In Nigeria, for example, a crumbling road system, aging trucks, and the danger of violence forced the company to re-think its traditional distribution methods. Instead of operating a central warehouse, as is its preference in most nations, the country.For safety reasons, trucks carrying Nestle goods are allowed to travel only during the day and frequently under-armed guard. Marketing also poses challenges in Nigeria. With little opportunity for typical Western-style advertising on television of billboards, the company hired local singers to go to t owns and villages offering a mix of entertainment and product demonstrations. China provides another interesting example of local adaptation and long-term focus. After 13 years of talks, Nestle was formally invited into China in 1987, by the Government of Heilongjiang province.Nestle opened a plant to produce powdered milk and infant formula there in 1990, but quickly realized that the local rail and road infrastructure was inadequate and inhibited the collection of milk and delivery of finished products. Rather than make do with the local infrastructure, Nestle embarked on an ambitious plan to establish its own distribution network, known as milk roads, between 27 villages in the region and factory collection points, called chilling centres.Farmers brought their milk – often on bicycles or carts – to the centres where it was weighed and analysed. Unlike the government, Nestle paid the farmers promptly. Suddenly the farmers had an incentive to produce milk and many bou ght a second cow, increasing the cow population in the district by 3,000 to 9,000 in 18 months. Area managers then organized a delivery system that used dedicated vans to deliver the milk to Nestle’s factory. Although at first glance this might seem to be a very costly solution, Nestle calculated that the long-term benefits would be substantial.Nestle’s strategy is similar to that undertaken by many European and American companies during the first waves of industrialization in those countries. Companies often had to invest in infrastructure that we now take for granted to get production off the ground. Once the infrastructure was in place, in China, Nestle’s production took off. In 1990, 316 tons of powdered milk and infant formula were produced. By 1994, output exceeded 10,000 tons and the company decided to triple capacity.Based on this experience, Nestle decided to build another two powdered milk factories in China and was aiming to generate sales of $700 mil lion by 2000. Nestle is pursuing a similar long-term bet in the Middle East, an area in which most multinational food companies have little presence. Collectively, the Middle East accounts for only about 2 percent of Nestle’s worldwide sales and the individual markets are very small. However, Nestle’s long-term strategy is based on the assumption that regional conflicts will subside and intra-regional trade ill expand as trade barriers between countries in the region come down. Once that happens, Nestle’s factories in the Middle East should be able to sell throughout the region, thereby realizing scale economies. In anticipation of this development, Nestle has established a network of factories in five countries, in the hope that each will, someday, supply the entire region with different products. The company, currently makes ice-cream in Dubai, soups and cereals in Saudi Arabia, yogurt and bouillon in Egypt, chocolate in Turkey, and ketchup and instant noodles in Syria.For the present, Nestle can survive in these markets by using local materials and focusing on local demand. The Syrian factory, for example, relies on products that use tomatoes, a major local agricultural product. Syria also produces wheat, which is the main ingredient in instant noodles. Even if trade barriers don’t come down soon, Nestle has indicated it will remain committed to the region. By using local inputs and focussing on local consumer needs, it has earned a good rate of return in the region, even though the individual markets are small.Despite its successes in places such as China and parts of the Middle East, not all of Nestle’s moves have worked out so well. Like several other Western companies, Nestle has had its problems in Japan, where a failure to adapt its coffee brand to local conditions meant the loss of a significant market opportunity to another Western company, Coca Cola. For years, Nestle’s instant coffee brand was the dominant coffee product in Japan. In the 1960s, cold canned coffee (which can be purchased from soda vending machines) started to gain a following in Japan.Nestle dismissed the product as just a coffee-flavoured drink rather than the real thing and declined to enter the market. Nestle’s local partner at the time, Kirin Beer, was so incensed at Nestle’s refusal to enter the canned coffee market that it broke off its relationship with the company. In contrast, Coca Cola entered the market with Georgia, a product developed specifically for this segment of the Japanese market. By leveraging its existing distribution channel, Coca Cola captured a 40 percent share of the $4 billion a year, market for canned coffee in Japan.Nestle, which failed to enter the market until the 1980s, has only a 4 percent share. While Nestle has built businesses from the ground up, in many emerging markets, such as Nigeria and China, in others it will purchase local companies if suitable candidates can b e found. The company pursued such a strategy in Poland, which it entered in 1994, by purchasing Goplana, the country’s second largest chocolate manufacturer. With the collapse of communism and the opening of the Polish market, income levels in Poland have started to rise and so has chocolate consumption.Once a scarce item, the market grew by 8 percent a year, throughout the 1990s. To take advantage of this opportunity, Nestle has pursued a strategy of evolution, rather than revolution. It has kept the top management of the company staffed with locals – as it does in most of its operations around the world – and carefully adjusted Goplana’s product line to better match local opportunities. At the same time, it has pumped money into Goplana’s marketing, which has enabled the unit to gain share from several other chocolate makers in the country. Still, competition in the market is intense.Eight companies, including several foreign-owned enterprises, s uch as the market leader, Wedel, which is owned by PepsiCo, are vying for market share, and this has depressed prices and profit margins, despite the healthy volume growth. Discussions: 1. Does it make sense for Nestle to focus its growth efforts on emerging markets? Why? 2. What is the company’s strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets? Does this strategy make sense? From an organizational perspective, what is required for this strategy to work effectively? 3. Through your own research on NESTLE, identify appropriate performance indicators.Once you have gathered relevant data on these, undertake a performance analysis of the company over the last five years. What does the analysis tell you about the success or otherwise of the strategy adopted by the company? 4. How would you describe Nestle’s strategic posture at the corporate level; is it pursuing a global strategy, a multidomestic strategy an international strategy or a transnational strateg y? 5. Does this overall strategic posture make sense given the markets and countries that Nestle participates in? Why? 6. Is Nestle’s management structure and philosophy aligned with its overall strategic posture?

Torture in Interrogation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Torture in Interrogation - Essay Example This information is even used to guard against enemy tactics and propose counter measures for our own forces. The interrogation depends mainly on torture techniques. Which are against the human rights and this violation is made in the name of national security. There is a thin line between torturing and national security priorities. Both are important and it is crucial to remain in limits while interrogating any suspects, whether terrorists or local criminals. The issue came into spotlight with the release of torture pictures and videos of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp (Leigh et al. 1). Prisoners were kept in a miserable condition and suicide attempts were a routine. The detention facility was accused of extreme torturing and interrogation. There have been deaths in the prison and released detainees gave in detail account of torturing activities carried out by the US. These activities were clearly a human rights violation and more importantly violated the Geneva Convention for th e interrogation and captivity of prisoners of war. The paper will look into the matter and discuss the use of torture during interrogation. The Geneva Convention has set aside rules and principles for conduct with prisoners or war. Their captivity and the use of torture have all been explained in detail in the convention. The convention article rules against torture in interrogation by stating that no physical or mental torture can be used for interrogation of prisoners. Prisoners must also be given rights to medical facility, hygiene, food, clothing and quarters (Tomasevski 8). They must also be allowed for their religious practices and appropriate physical activity must also be planned. In simple, the laws lay basis for basic human rights. Torturing during interrogation is not allowed and simply a violation of the convention and basic human rights. To violate these standards is simply a violation against humanity. The US administrations have taken stance to legalize torturing tech niques and narrowly defined the parameters of interrogation. Legislation could not be passed even though with ninety to nine approval rates by senate, after being vetoed by President Bush at the time (Sullivan 1). Terrorists are considered as monsters and mass murderers and are not worthy of humane treatment. The debate was highlighted in 2005 by McCain. He presented exceptional scenarios like ticking time bomb and slow fuse cases (Krauthammer 2). The urgency of these exceptional cases required torture. In simple even his policy required use of torture. Torturing is against the very fundamentals of US and is the opposite of freedom. Prisoners are tortured and interrogated on the basis of National Security priorities. The logic that torturing is necessary to extract information is used as a stance against the issue. Though, torturing is a quick way to extract information, but it is something against humanity and also the Geneva Convention. There can be no basis as to torture a human being. It is to take into consideration that most prisoners do not possess valuable or critical information and are tortured without any solid base. This further complicates the issue and raises question of using torture techniques. Many of the prisoners are tortured to the breaking point where they develop psychological or physical disorders. This fact can be taken into account by the figures at Guantanamo Bay. Similarly, at Abu Ghraib Prison almost ninety percent of prisoners were not guilty and released after interrogation and torture (Sullivan 2). They did not possess any critical information. Terrorists are not termed as prisoners of war as per the US stance, but torture in any form on a human being is a violation of basic human rights and simply a crime against humanity.

Statistics questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Statistics questions - Assignment Example (a) From the box plot and the table presented, it is evident that the most deprived group exhibits the most variability in employment scale. An evaluation of the minimum and maximum value says it all. Similarly, the standard deviation backs the conclusion. It is evident that the minimum and maximum values for the least deprived and most deprieved are 1681, 3811 and 5000, 90780 respectively. The standar deviation for the least deprieved group was 649.67 while that for the most deprieved group was 20,388. (b) Measure of central tendancy are used to give readers an overview about the data. In this paper, there is a huge difference between the mean and median for the most deprived group. This can be explained by the fact that there are outliers at both side, too large data and too small data. In order to best represent the center of the employment scale values for the most deprived group, I will use mean since the data is derived from a large sample size. (c) Based on the findings above where the calculated t is in the acceptable region the null hypothesis is accepted at 5.0% level. Therefore, the percentage of adults supporting the healthcare law at the end of March is significantly higher than the percentage who supported the law in November (d) There are a number of factors that contribute to significant changes in the findings of research that study the same issue using data from a sample derived from the same population. In this case, it was established that there was a conflicting conclusionarrived by two major polls. The major explanation can be on the wording used on questions to collect the relevant data. The AP-GfK poll provided respondents with three options support, oppose and neither support nor oppose. The other poll provided respondents with only two option, oppose and support. This usually gives different data hence findings. More importantly, the timing is another significant factor. Polls conducted before a

Recruitment and Staffing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recruitment and Staffing - Essay Example , when demand and supply have been appropriately determined for each position in each of the owner’s small convenience stores, he could anticipate future demand and design acquisition strategies which integrate time frame elements to ensure that future requirements are placed at an appropriate time. As emphasized in Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller (2012), for small establishments like what the owner has, the method of job analysis that is most appropriate is the job group analysis. As disclosed, â€Å"jobs with similar content, wage rates, and opportunities (e.g., promotion, training) must be combined into job groups, and each group must include a list of job titles†¦ use as job groups the nine categories on the EEO-1 form: officials and managers, professionals, technicians, sales, office and clerical, craft workers (skilled), operatives (semiskilled), laborers (unskilled), and service workers† (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012, p. 129). It was also stated that the percentage of women and minorities in each group should be appropriated, as required by labor

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Language development - Essay Example In all of these aspects of language acquisition, language imbalance should be considered when gauging the extent and ability of child in the process of learning a second language. Language imbalance is brought about by a conflict between two or more languages that a child is exposed to in the development process (Hoff, 2009). Influences on vocabulary are characterized by a myriad of factors in a child’s life both at school and at home. Vocabulary development is influenced by language socialization that takes two general styles of child-rising that are child-centered and situation centered. In child centered approach, adults use two strategies of self-lowering through baby talk and child rising by interpreting unintelligible gibberish(Barrett, 1999). The situation-centered approach does not require adults to simplify their language, but children are expected to learn, understand and produce adult like speech mannerism. The culture surrounding a child has a significant influence on the development of language in a child because it influences the development of their identity. Cultural influencers, in society, determine the personality and identity that a child forges for self in line with what the societal norms dictate (Barrett, 1999). Young English language learners should be encouraged by their educators, caregivers and parents to achieve a more rounded language development process. Teachers need to be good models of language use and encourage learners to interact with other children as much as possible (Hoff, 2009). This is aimed at reinforcing their vocabulary repertoire. Second language learners can be exposed to meaningful learning activities that encourage them to practice their new language

The Role of the HIM Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of the HIM Manager - Essay Example The health care industry was the largest industry in 2006 which provided 14 million jobs in addition to 438,000 jobs for the self employed (BLS, 2008). The health care industry delivers care round the clock to millions of people. This requires combining the medical technology with the human touch. The health care industry consists of nine different segments – hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities, office of physicians, office of dentists, home health care services, offices of other health care practitioners, outpatient care centers, other ambulatory health care services and medical and diagnostic laboratories. The hospitals constitute only 1 percent of all healthcare establishments but they employ 35% of all workers. Workers in health care tend to be older than workers in other industries. Health occupations require high level of education and training due to which the health care workers are more likely to remain employed in the same occupation. Health Informatio n Management (HIM) Professionals are vital to any health care organization. This paper will discuss their job description and responsibilities, the challenges they face in discharging their duties and their responsibility towards handling legal and regulatory issues. The HIM professionals are also known by other designations such as Administrative Support Personnel, Health Care Technologist, Health Record Technician, Information Clerk, Information Specialist, Medical Technologist, Office Personnel (Alberta, 2007). The health records in any health care centre contain records about the patients’ history and courses of treatment. These may also include the physicians’ note, forms for prescribed medication, input from other members of the treatment team. While the health records departments are open for longer hours the HIM professionals work in shifts and generally work a standard work week. Their work profile entails spending the better part of the day at the

Defamation of celebrities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defamation of celebrities - Research Paper Example Slander can be differentiated from libel is that slander is deniable while libel can be proved because there is hard evidence. In the essay, we shall explore the ramifications of defamation and how best to deal with it. The essay shall explore three celebrities who were involved in defamation cases. Namely Angelina Jolie and her husband Brad Pitt, Bill Cosby and former President of the United States Bill Clinton. Angelina Jolie together with Brad Pitt and their children are one of the most recognized celebrity families in the world today. Their movies have garnered millions of dollars in sales around the world, but it is what they do outside of Hollywood that gets the most attention. Both of them are involved in humanitarian activities with Angelina being a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations. Her husband is also involved in humanitarian efforts, but he is mostly active in the war torn region of Darfur. Their work is well known and appreciated especially when they adopted children from war torn regions to show the world it is possible to help save the world one child at a time. Not everybody was pleased with what they were doing and rumors started circulating that their actions were motivated by gaining fame and they were trafficking children. This was because they adopted children from Africa, Asia and South America. Tabloids published these malicious reports without having any actual evidence and the paparazzi followed them everywhere trying to get a photograph. This behavior went on for some time without them taking any action, but that was until they published photos of their newly born daughter that they decided to make an example the paparazzi. A news agency called News of the World published a story that the couple was breaking up and added a few statements concerning their parental skills. The statements seem to have been the last straw and they sued the agency for slander. The agency claimed that they had adopted all those children only

Manging Capability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Manging Capability - Essay Example China’s involvement with Bahrain is intriguing, especially because China sees companies such as MENA Telecom as key to a burgeoning market in the Middle East. This Chinese influence regarding telecommunications will be discussed here. Introduction Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press has caused vast changes in information sharing especially during the age of industrialization. Just as the printing press changed the way books, and thus knowledge, were disseminated, the Internet has also had a large impact on the way people communicate in this age. The youngest among the different forms of media present in this time, the Internet has rapidly evolved into one of the most popular media that has changed the way people all over the world share information. In a research by Anmuth et. al for the Lehman Brothers Internet Data Book (2008)1, the Internet ranked second with radio among the most utilized media, both garnering 19% behind television’s 33% consumption sh are. ... Wave 3 (2008)2, a global study by Universal McCann on the Internet as a social medium, identified the most popular activities that Internet users do when they log online. These activities range from watching and uploading videos online, reading and updating blogs and maintaining accounts on social networking sites. These activities changed media users from mere passive audiences, to producers of information. Thus, it is safe to assume that the Internet and other forms of electronically-mediated communications are a staple of everyday life.3 However, one of the biggest untapped markets for the development of the Internet is China. Studies reveal that there have been a rapid growth in Internet user in the People's Republic. From 670,000 Internet users in 19974, Chinese citizens who logged onto the Internet increased to 2.1 Million in just two years.5 A decade ago, a report by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) revealed the Internet statistics of the country: 8.92 mil lion computers that can access the Internet used by 22 million users.6 The report also identified 265, 405 sites and domains with Internet suffixes such as .org, .cn or .com.7 Internet-based businesses have turned their efforts towards penetrating the vast Chinese market. In 2000, China generated U.S. $9.32 billion in E-commerce revenue with U.S. $9.27 billion of this coming from business to business transaction and the remaining U.S. $47.1million from everyday Internet consumers.8 And with China's Internet population reaching 384 million by the end of 2009 and increasing to 420 million9 by the middle of 2010, these numbers reinforce analysts' claim that China is the next lucrative Internet and mobile market in the world, surpassing even both Europe and the United

Art prize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art prize - Essay Example For an instant, watching or viewing a play being performed live gives the viewer a different experience from when one is reading the same play from a book. In artwork exhibition, the viewer is can have a physical description of the piece. It allows a closer look for a piece of art; thus, giving a real attitude and emotional reaction to the piece and one can see it more clearly. When I attended the exhibition of at ArtPrize of Always Nowhere by Liz Roberts, I was able to broaden my horizon and gained unique insights of the piece and the diversity of cultures. The piece was in the second from of the Grand Rapids Art Museum. At the exhibition, there were quite a number of beautiful and great pieces of artworks from various artists, but Always Nowhere capture my attention for its creativity and artistic features. In the ArtPrize, I could listen to the views of other viewers on various art pieces; look at the facial expression on the pieces they were viewed in order to understand what they thought of the piece. Always Nowhere was a breathtaking piece; many viewers seemed to be carried away by this amazing piece. The pieces made me feel as though I saw something different from what I heard and read. It was the best-time-based artwork I had such high emotions of joy while viewing it. The piece gave me a peaceful and calm experience under the guidance and endorsem ent of the thematic exhibition. It was a very welcoming moment to view all this incredible piece of arts from the finest artists in the region. Always Nowhere gives me an imaginative sense of space and memory, with an impact of the presence. Always Nowhere is a road movie that depicts that no one can go anywhere. It is an experiential video sculpture, which transposes windows for screens thus evoking the dichotomies that occur when one is riding in a car (MLive 1). Through the inherently cinematic driving experience, we are together, but feeling alone - we are sited still, however, moving and

Gilded Age Essay Example for Free

Gilded Age Essay The era following the civil war, the gilded age, modernized the nation with new technological advances. Women’s social status improved with the up and coming government policies and intolerance of Native Americans became more prominent due to westward expansion. Segregation laws oppress African Americans and violate their rights as American citizens. Women gained suffrage in the gilded age which significantly improved their social status. Previously, women were viewed as inferior to men and incapable of having the same responsibilities. The cause of women’s suffrage was carried by middle class women and was launched in 1848 at Seneca Falls. Many women believed a major cause of poverty for immigration and working-class families was the excessive drinking by male factory workers. Women successfully advocated for total abstinence from alcohol. Many women had leisure time as a housewife, so they got more involved in politics and social issues. Middle class women did most of the shopping for their families so they became the prominent consumers. Women likely had a part time job but they were vulnerable to low-paid and insecure work without benefits. They were also discriminated against when being hired because they were more likely to take leave for childcare or maternity leave. The mobilization of the American economy sprouted from the rise of technology in the gilded age through the development of railroads, homesteads, and farming techniques. This expansion on the Great Plains increased intolerance towards the Native Americans, which soon resulted in removal of most Indian tribes. At first, they attempted a truce through the treaty of Fort Laramie, where the government and representatives of the tribes discussed the terms of westbound settlers. The tribes would receive annuity in return for their cooperation. However, the government failed to compensate the tribes properly and violated the treaty. Trains were pulled by horses prior to the invention of steam locomotives, so the railroads running west became known as â€Å"The Iron Horse† by Native Americans. Many oppressive acts such as the Homestead Act and the Dawes Severalty Act displayed intolerance of the Native Americans. The Battle of the Little Bighorn/ Custer’s Last Stand was a result of Indian intolerance. Another social group that was deeply impacted by the gilded age was the African Americans, who were affected by Jim Crow laws. The old south was unwilling to accept the new technology and there was an emerging grey area between states laws and rights versus the federal government. The southern sharecropping system was economically backing the Jim Crow laws. State black codes restricted the freedom of African Americans, and compelled them to work for lower wages. The purpose of these oppressive laws were to preserve the system of white supremacy. Civil rights acts were introduced with hopes of equality for African Americans but they were ruled unconstitutional. Segregation laws enforced a â€Å"separate but equal† status for African Americans. In conclusion, the gilded age transformed the country and impacted many social groups of American society. Women gained the right to vote and more social status while the Native Americans were oppressed harsher than ever. Jim crow laws restricted African Americans by segregating the country. The technological advances during the gilded age provided a more modern society and influenced changing government policies. These advances also allowed for a boosted economy.

The Nature Based Attraction

The Nature Based Attraction Nature-based attraction is unique. Lang OLeary (1997) stated that nature-based tourists are more interested in nature, travel more often at longer distances and stay longer at a destination. Moreover, they are well educated, with high levels of both individual and household income and are willing to spend more. Laarman and Durst (1987) defined natural-based attraction as a form of tourism activity that combines three elements, namely education, recreation and adventure. Silverberg et al., (1996) stated that nature-based attraction is a phenomenon which represents a new market in the tourism industry and has captured the mind of planners and marketers. Nyaupane et al., (2004), suggested that nature based tourism has been growing rapidly than tourism in general. When the destination managers attempt to attract the growing market, they are faced with a double paradoxical task; in the beginning, there is the need to preserve the resources that attract the tourist and provides a quality travel experience; Backman et al., (1999). It is a challenge which requires a balance between the individuals expectations, preferences and attitudes towards the environment for a successful nature-based experience; Uysal et al., (1992) cited in Silverberg et al., (1996). Buckley, Pickering and Weaver (2003) stated that visitor attractions vary from very small to huge size, from free entrance to expensive fees, and include both natural and man-made or a combination of these two (Prideaux, 2002). According to Valentine (1992), natural-based attraction is mainly concerned with the direct amusement of some relative uninterrupted phenomenon of nature. He suggested that there are three types of activities that come below his definition: experiences which are dependent on nature, experiences which are enriched by nature and experiences for which a natural setting is related. Newsome, Moore and Dowling (2002) pointed out that nature-based tourism may be considered as adventure, wildlife an d ecotourism while McKercher (1998) expands it further to alternative tourism, educational tourism, sustainable tourism, responsible tourism and other forms of outdoor-oriented non-mass tourism. 2.2 Tourism attractions According to Mill and Morrisson (1985), the tourism system is made of four key segments: the market, travel, tourist destinations and marketing. Moreover, Gunn (1988) stated that tourism attractions deal with tourism destinations; highlights the role of tourism attractions (tourist, traffic, attraction, information and signposting). Therefore, tourism attractions forms an essential part of the tourism destinations and they are one of four key segments of the tourism system. Tourism attraction is the major reason why tourist visits a destination. The tourist product includes attractions, services and infrastructures. Gunn (1988) said that tourism attractions are composed of the several components including tourists activities, local scenery, service and entertainment. Together, these features represent the total appeal of natural and man-made characteristics. For example, each historical site or lake has its own uniqueness in its features and appeal and cannot be judged as identical to other tourism resources. All tourism attractions are tourism resources, but all tourism resources are not tourism attractions. It may be impossible to evaluate the attractiveness of the various tourism destinations. Also, Laarman and Durst (1987) use level of interest and degree of physical thoroughness to distinguish between soft and hard nature tourists. Lindberg (1991, cited in Meric Hunt, 1998), moves from twofold typologies to a fourfold categories. He suggested that there are: 1. hard core nature tourists who has high levels of environmental commitment and support for enhance sustainability, want physically and challenging experiences, travel in small groups, take longer trips, demand for fewer services and make their own travel arrangements 2. dedicated nature tourists who take trips precisely to protected areas in order to appreciate local, natural and cultural history; 3. mainstream nature tourists who visit destinations primarily to take an unfamiliar trip; and finally, 4. casual nature tourists who enjoy nature as part of a wider trip. According to Swarbrooke (2000:67), visitor attractions are the heart of the tourism industry; they are the motivators that make people wants to take a trip in the first place. In opposition, Richards (2001) pointed out that it can be argued that attractions do not always attract visitors, however, they certainly do provide an emphasis for much tourist activity, and is a vital weapon of tourist destinations engaged in a competitive edge for tourist industry. However, Eduard kuÃ…Â ¡en (2010) argued that a destination without potential or real tourism attractions cannot be developed into a tourism destination. Potential tourism becomes real only when it provides visitor accessibility like physical access, public access, sightseeing. Only the real tourism attraction can be engaged on the tourism market and be promoted. Also, Hu and Richie (1993), Muller (1994) stated that the classification of tourism attractions into natural and man-made is the main obstacle to an efficient approach to tourism attractions. 2.2.1 Evolution of tourist attractions Consumer tastes and preferences have led to an evolution on the tourist attraction market and have turned it into a diversified market. Tourist attractions are changing in terms of forms, location, style and scale. Kruczek (2011) stated that attractions evolving these days are tied into a new model for the evolution of tourism, the three Es (Entertainment, Excitement, Education), which has succeeded the traditional three Ss model (Sun, Sea, Sand). According to Swarbrooke (2002), it is very difficult to reconstruct the historical development of attractions for two reasons: firstly it is not easy to decide how many people need to visit a given site in order to call it an attraction. For example were the Egyptians Pyramids visited annually as an attraction in Roman times? The second reason is the purpose of visiting an attraction. Most of the sacred buildings accomplish the double role of tourist attractions and place of worship. It is impossible to determine the proportion of visitors who come for religious reasons and others who may come out of curiosity for attractions. During the Middle ages, very few attractions flourished. The religious pilgrims started to take new trends like the famous churches of Arab Peninsula, Jerusalem and became travel destinations. Gradually, the travel arrangement led to the appearance of the ancestor of todays tour leader and sorted out accommodation. In the 17th century, there was revitalization of journeys to take the waters and health resorts established earlier by the Romans (e.g. Bath and Buxton in Great Britain, Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden in Germany and Vichy in France). The visitation of health resorts or spas caused an avalanche of the second-rate attractions occupying the leisure time of guests at health resorts. By the end of 18th century many heritage sites were already developed with tourists in mind. The Industrial Revolution came forward in terms of innovative technologies which facilitated access to attractions. In the mid-19th century there was a fashion for excursions in Poland whereby many coastal resorts were developed and brought opportunities like bathing in the sea. In Great Britain, resorts like Brighton developed very quickly while bath became a fashionable holiday destination especially for Londoners. There was a fast development of attraction such as casinos in France, in the famous Mediterranean Riviera region while in Europe the areas for mountain hiking became well-known. With the arrival of the 20th century, the developments of attractions were mainly on events such as the Olympic Games. The presence of paid public holiday allowances for employers led to a massive growth on interest in local attractions. It offers relaxation, comfort, adventure and entertainment. Curiosity in exotic attraction arises in Africa and Europe such as safari parks. Weekend recreation centers provided cheap, swimming pools, sport facilities and accommodations. When such centers attracted countless tourists, it then became a tourist destination. After the Second World War in 1939, an enormous boom arises in tourist attractions. Most of the tourism investors, associations and governments sponsored tourist attractions. And this was accompanied by huge shopping malls and the preservation of historical heritage sites. The last 20 years of the 20th century brought extraordinary tourist attraction development. 2.4 Theories of tourist motivation According to Solomon (2004), motivation is best described as a driving force that makes us change and explains that it is a process that leads people to behave as they do, and it begins when a need arises and the customer wishes to satisfy it. Tourist motivation, therefore, can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behavior and experience (Pearce, Morrison and Rutledge, 1998). Additionally, according to Maslow (1943), the demands of a person do not have ending points but rather other needs and demands raises once the present demands have been satisfied. According to Fodness (1994), most researchers who attempt to define tourist motivation typically develop a list of the reasons for travel. However, Dann (1981) disagree with that argues a motive is distinct from a reason, quoting Browns (1963) viewpoint. In Danns opinion, a reason is a subset of motivation, a type of motive wherein necessary and logical means are taken to bring about a desired end. Even if the reasons given for travel and the benefits sought from the travel experience may represent basic travel motivations (Dann, 1981; Pearce and Caltabiano, 1983). However, although the reasons that people give for their travel behaviour do not equa basic tourist motivations, they stand for some psychological functions (the needs) that serves (satisfies) for the individual (Fodness, 1997). Hence, it is still worthwhile to list of the reasons for travel developed by researchersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dann (1977) also put forward the concepts of push and pull factors, around which most discussion of tourist motivation have tended to solve. Tourists are motivated to visit a particular destination by the information that they receive and their own motivation Push them to visit a destination where their needs and wants can be satisfied (Leiper 1990). Conversely also stated that the pull factors are the information received and the resources which are provided at the destination. John and Susan (2003) proposed six motives, (e.g. physical, emotional, personal, personal development, status and cultural motives). Precisely, with physical motivation, people prefer to travel to destinations where there are activities which can satisfy their needs. As for emotional motivation, individual might contribute in many activities that can satisfy their needs for pleasure of romance (e.g. night sightseeing on a boat). Persons who travel out of personal motivation might join in night clubs to meet and make new friends, (e.g. tourists bring tourist customer). People who travel for motives of personal development and cultural prefer activities that might increase their knowledge in general. With motivation for status, people are willing to participate in high class activities to please their need for being well-regarded. 2.5 Destination attractiveness Pearce (1979) defined destination attractiveness as the responsiveness to which the destination meet expectations of its visitors in terms of food and accommodation, natural beauty, cultural richness, recreational opportunities and other amenities. The more a destination is able to meet the needs of the tourists, the more it is perceived to be attractive and the more the destination is likely to be chosen. Without tourism there would be no tourist attractions. Attraction is the ability of a destination to deliver individual benefits. Ferrario (1979) stated that it only happened when people are attracted towards a destination whereby the facilities and services follow. Attractiveness is the outline of impressions, ideas and beliefs about destinations based on information from various sources MacKay and Fesenmaier; (1997). In short, the greater the attraction power of a particular destination, the higher will be the number of tourists in terms of their stay and tourist receipts. There are some factors which cannot be categorized as attractions but which plays an important role in the attractiveness of a destination such as infrastructure, exchange rate and political stability; Ferrario (1979). A tourist preference appears to be more precise and is the ultimate decision in defining the level of attractiveness of a destination. Their perceptions about a given area control its success or failure as a tourist destination. Since perceptions are certainty in the travelers mind, it does not matter how many tourism resources are accessible in a specific area when all its attractiveness has already been well-defined; Echtner and Ritchie, (1993); Leyele, (1996). However, the limitation of tourist preferences as attraction measures is that human observations are based on personal and cultural beliefs and are influenced by promotional actions and previous experiences Milman and Pizam; (1995). In addition, factor like bad weather may create a one-sided perception of a tourist destination. 2.6 Culture and Heritage tourism There are undoubtedly conflicting views that exist about what is heritage. Most researchers admit that heritage is linked to the past. Lowenthal (1985) stated that whether it is celebrated or rejected, attended to or ignored, the past is ever-present. Many authors pointed out that it is an element of the past that a society wishes to keep (Fladmark 1998, Graham et al 2000, Hall and Mc Arthur 1998, Tunbridge and Ashworth 1996).

Technology has bad effects on environment

Technology has bad effects on environment Industrialization coupled with technological advancement has continued to affect the environment in a negative way. Industrial benefits resulting from technological adaptation in major activities has indirectly contributed towards higher living standards though bad part on technology manifest more. This is evidenced by increasing international discussions and consultations through conferences and meetings. A major theme in such meetings is on environmental violations resulting from technology. Complaints and issues associated with effects of technology are arising globally (Ausubel Sladovich,1999). Environmental degradation is a growing concern as continued industrialization is being witnessed mostly in developed countries. There are three major negative impacts of technology on environment discussed in this essay. First, environmental pollution resulting from waste output is a resultant factor of technology. Contribution to global warming is the second effect of the growing technology. Lastly, depletion of natural resources and ecological imbalances experienced today result from technology. To start, environmental pollution occurs as a result of technology mismanagement and lack of control measures. Technological improvement in recent years has seen production of more machines, weapons and automobiles. Increased consumption of improved facilities triggers demand which in turn influences supply of required quality of products that are major effectors of industrialization using improved technology. Importance of technology in such cases is attributed to satisfaction of human wants. Though adverse pollution of environment due to increased production in the manufacturing and processing industries, weapons testing and high usage of automobiles such as cars. Air pollution, water and noise pollution are the key components of an environment that has been continually polluted as a result of technology. Emission of large quantity of gases such as CO2 in the air by large industries causes air pollution which in turn has degraded environment immensely. Again, disposal of waste into the rivers and water systems by industries and other institutions is an environmental hazard through water pollution. Similarly, a lot of noise pollution from weapons testing and usage, industries in their routine production processes and automobiles is causative of environmental dilapidation (Ausubel Sladovich, 1999). Furthermore, technology contributes towards depletion of resources. Development and usage of technology is contributing to increase industrial activity that requires raw material from natural resources such as coal, timber and wild animals. As well, extensive agricultural activities as experienced in Bangladesh is beneficial in terms of productivity but depletion of natural resources such as forest cover, water and soil fertility and its organisms composition is a likely event. Farming activities such as burning of bushes, deforestation and usage of chemicals to enhance soil fertility is an environmental exploitive. As well extensive mining of gold, diamond and other minerals is an activity that is contributing towards depletion of resources at an alarming rate. Overexploitation of fossil fuel and other resources ceases to be beneficial and becomes an environmental threat. In addition, ecological systems imbalances and disruptions result from technological advancements in the modern world. Collapse of ecological life and extinction of organisms from their natural habitats is a direct probable result of technology. Wildlife extinction from their natural habitat to create more space for farming activities and home for increasing population is an evidence of how technology causes ecological imbalances. Availability of improved technology causes people to device convenient ways of satisfying their basic needs and increased productivity requirement. Human embark of activities such as deforestation, extensive farming activities, environmental pollution which lead to changes in the natural lifecycles that maintain ecosystem. Though ecosystems can rebound from these negative effects, continued of environmental degradation through destructive human activities affected by technology will eventually lead to collapse. Lastly, current issues on global warming are negative effects of technology and environmental factors. Unchecked technology advancement and utilization specifically in areas causing air and water pollution leads to atmospheric gases imbalances (Ausubel Sladovich, 1999). Emission of harmful gases such as CO2 in large amounts forms greenhouse effects that are the major components of global warming. Green house gases result from activities such poor farming methods, transport systems, manufacturing processes and renewable power generation activities especially using coal. Fossil fuel extraction through burning and clearing of farming lands through burning concentrates harmful gases hence affecting climate. In conclusion, higher percentage of environmental problems is a direct result of technology mismanagement by innovators and users. A small portion of environmental issues relate to economic, social and natural changes resulting from human activities. Environmental pollution, ecological systems disturbances, depletion of natural resources and climatic changes resulting from global warming are technological influenced. Technology is significant in development and increased productivity to satisfy human need, but uncontrolled technology impacts environment negatively. References Ausubel, J. Sladovich, A. (1999).Technological advancement. Washington D.C, US: National Academic publishers.

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Online Reference Links: Asian Crops in North America Link: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture12/r_12-1.html Ginseng and Other Native Roots Link: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ginsgold.html#ginseng History of Ginseng Link: http://www.oxford.net/~ginseng/history.htm History of Alfalfa in California Link: http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/publications/alfalfaHIST.htm Smooth Bromegrass Link: http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/Articles/Forage/Species/Grasses/Smoothbromegrass.htm Crested Wheatgrass Link: http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=1551-501X&volume=027&issue=01&page=0013 Native Siberian Crop Species By Francisco Aguilar, Bryan Barnsley, and Lance Nixon When it comes to plants being native to Siberia it would seem that there would be an extremely limited amount due to the harshness of weather, mainly the extreme cold conditions. A few of the main Siberian natives that are grown all over the United States include alfalfa, lettuce, asparagus, smooth bromegrass, and crested wheatgrass. There is no proven record of when alfalfa was first grown but it is known to be originated in central Asia. In 490 B.C., the Persians carried it into Greece with the invasion by Xerxes. After this the Romans who were fighting in Greece took it back to Rome in 146 B.C. The introduction into Spain was around 711 A.D. by the Moors from Northern Africa who were on a conquest in Spain. From Spain it moved into France, Belgium, and England. In 1519 Alfalfa was introduced to Mexico by Cortes, a Spaniard who was on a rampage through Mexico. Somewhere around 18 or 19 years later, Spain rampaged again in Peru and Chili but left alfalfa here also. In that century, it was brought to the Atlantic coast line of the United States but was not used by the Indian inhabitants or by the early European settlers at this time. In about 1853 or 1854 alfalfa was introduced into California and it was believed that it was brought in my Chili. In 1898 a man by the name of N.E. Hansen of South Dakota ma de a journey to Siberia in search of a more cold tolerable variety of alfalfa because he and many other farmers were having trouble growing this crop successfully in the colder conditions of the northern portions of the United States. Alfalfa is now grown all over the United States and in other parts of the world as well.

Homelessness in Public Schools Essay -- Education

In the United States nationwide public schools are faced with dilemmas. The choices schools make has to be effective, serve the students, and have the best outcome. Well known problems such as bullying, special educational needs, budget cuts, new standards, and job cuts. Some of the problems are well known to the public while other problems are left in the background. According to the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) reported that the U.S. Department of Education collected data stating â€Å"during the 2008-2009 school year that 954,914 homeless children and youth were enrolled in public schools.† This problem affects the child socially, mentally, and most importantly academically. The National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) defines Homelessness â€Å"is a lack of permanent housing resulting from extreme poverty and/or unsafe or unstable living environments† (NAEHCY, 2011, p. 2). In the year 2004, it was required that all states were to report to CSPR (Consolidated State Performance Report) of data collected of children and youth enrolled in any educational services (Bowman, Dukes, Moore, 2012, p. 6). The table presented below shows reports the school years of 2004-2010. Number of Homeless Students Reported by States in the CSPR 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 655,591 906,680* 679,724 794,617 956,914 939,903 The National Center on Family Homelessness (NCFH) conducted research and collected data and found during a three year research of CSPR reports. (Bowman. ET al.’s, 2012). In the school years 2006-2009 â€Å"41% increase in the number of homeless student enrolled in schools across the nation† (Bowman... ...2). Summary of the state of research: On the relationship between homelessness and academic achievement among school-aged children and youth (ED-04-CO-0056/0002). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website: http://www.serve.org/nche Carter. Samuel, C. (2000). No excuses; lessons from 21 high performing high poverty schools. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation. Murphy.Joseph, F. & Tobin.Kerri, J. (2011, November). Homelessness comes to school. How homeless children and youths can succeed, 93(3), 32-37. Retrieved from http://kappanmagazine.org National Assocation for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth. (2011). Facts about homeless education. Retrieved from http;//naehcy.org/facts.html W&B School of Education. (2012). History of the mckinney act. Retrieved from http://education.wm.edu/centers/hope/resources/mckinneyact/index.php

W.E.B. Dubois And Booker T. Washington Fought Against Racism, Slavery, And Improvement Of African American Lives From Different Dimensions

Few today can imagine how human beings could be caught in their villages like fish and be sold like livestock to other human beings. Africans were being shipped to America, be sold as slave to work in their farms. They were condemned because of their skin color – race to slavery, where they were owned by the people who bought them- the American white farmers. Education was never guaranteed to them since they were someone’s property without no (sic) rights (as people in the ghetto say); what an extreme level of discrimination. How would you feel when subjected to such experience? Naturally no one can be pleased.Imagine these blacks were thinking beings with a mind, soul and body! The children of slaves still remained slaves. These were the things that inspired W. E. B Dubois, Booker T. Washington among the people who had an opportunity by the virtue of the influence after education to fight against racism, slavery trying to improve the lives of African Americans. Merriam -Webster’s dictionary defines racism as a prejudice based on the belief that the race is the main determinant of human traits and capacities and those racial differences produce inherent superiority of a particular racial group.Sociologists Noel Cazenave and Darlene Alvarez Maddem put racism as a highly organized system of race based group privilege that operates at a very high level of society and is held together by a subtle ideology of color/ race ‘supremacy’ (Cazenave and Maddem, 1999). In the book, ‘The Souls of Black Soul’ where (the Author -) W. E. B Dubois asserts ‘elevating the self was the key to better life as a black man’ in a debate in way in which a black American must act versus how he wants to act indicates how hard it was to be free even for those who had been freed from slavery.That racism was deep in the minds of the discriminated. W. E. B Dubois and Booker T. Washington lived at the height of racism and slavery in Ame rica. Both managed to get some good education which was a tool for combating the evil of the twentieth century racism. Washington was a credible proponent of educational improvement for the freed men who remained after reconstruction. At that time Booker T. Washington was the most influential leader in America. The two engaged on an intense dialogue about segregation and political disfranchisement Washington had taken a conciliatory direction of fight against racism.He believed in a skillful accommodation during that age of segregation which came to win a title ‘the great accommodator’ from Dubois. On the other hand Dubois led a radicalized fight. While this could have been seen as clash the two dimensions of their struggle came to supplement each other. This is the approach that came to be used by Martin Luther King Jr. in the later years An American newsletter the Review noted that had great power to move men’s hearts and bring them into sympathy with his noble and unselfish aims for lifting up the race. This article carefully shows Bookers’ approach to education and labor.He takes great advantage to explain his point. Booker is a man of Influence; this can be seen from his position and occupation in the society. As a great orator, Washington is quoted saying that the condition for African American in the south will only improve they learn to put brain and skills into his labor. In this respect, Washington argues that this should result to more technologically advanced labor. Their differences in approaches could be attributed to earlier experiences. Biology explains that siemens twins will certainly behave differently when subjected to different environments to grow.Thinking about this hypothesis, One seminal debate between Washington and Dubois played on the pages of Crisis which Washington was advocating a philosophy of self help and vocational training for blacks, while Dubois pressed for full educational opportunities for his race. Dubois believed that the way out was through study especially the liberal arts. Though wining the battle against slavery was difficult because of the constitution, the two leaders managed to bring about the movement that came to win the freedom of the slaves. This greatly reveals the power in combined workforce isn’t it?Together we stand, divided we fall. This is a common saying. Dubois and Booker formed this alliance and through it, many positive progresses were realized. For example, many humanitarian citizens gave them support, and this made the government take appropriate measures towards slave treatment, and laws governing slaves. The alliance similar to the one with William Monroe Trotter another black intellectual at the time help to form the group National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Was this not a fruit of the pioneering work of Booker and Dubois?Think about this: how many organizations will have emerged in the next five y ears after this? How many policies will have been implemented as a result of the pressure inserted by these organizations? These will be clear with time! NAACP in its early years concentrated in using courts to overturn the Jim Crow status that legalized racial discrimination . The crisis magazine for the NAACP became the mouth piece for the propaganda war against racism. During the inter war years NAACP fought lynching of the blacks through out the United States by working on legislation, education the public and lobbying.It was after several decades of campaign that brought the reversal of the separate but equal doctrine announced by Supreme Court Plessey versus Ferguson. Later the desegregation of schools and other public facilities through out the country, through the Supreme Court was managed by the NAACP. Washington though criticized by the NAACP who demanded a hard-line stance of the issue of civil rights protests enlisted some moral and substantial financial support from a n umber of philanthropists they helped him fund his causes – supporting institutions of higher education at Hampton and Tuskegee.Looking at the current American social-political scene would W. E. B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington smiled if they resurrected today? As the PBS statement on their website wonders whether the Americans have learnt to embrace diversity, whether character has triumphed color. Almost every day we find people bleaching their skin on order to look beautiful. Race is another factor that has greatly affected the intellectual growth and increase in technology. This has brought in a belief that whites can do better than blacks in various spheres of academia.This is an analysis published by a journal called: Labor and Demographic Economic. Booker T. Outlines the thinking of many whites during his time. Intellectuals and politicians writing to shape public opinion, from both North and South, had turned increasingly hostile toward African Americans. Many magazi nes of the time had a message of white supremacy. In his study of small-town newspapers in the South, Thomas D. Clark found that most papers in the 1880s and 1890s clearly reflected the â€Å"Negro-as-beast† thinking of the time.The editors revealed â€Å"a general fear of the Negro,† whom they often depicted as uncivilized, a â€Å"wild, ignorant animal. This was a real huddle for Washington to manage is it? His approach was revolutionary as will be seen. Washington gave an exposition speech in 1895 in Atlanta. This speech challenged the images then current in white intellectual and cultural presentations of African Americans. He insisted that blacks were a people of â€Å"love and fidelity† to whites, a â€Å"faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful† people.In its larger thrust, the Atlanta speech represented Washington’s attempt to counter the presumption on the part of the white South, and much of the rest of the nation that African Americans ha d declined in character and morality in freedom. The overarching message that Washington intended was not acceptance of disfranchisement and segregation but rather a message of progress, of movement forward and upward. he indeed displayed dedication towards this. In Atlanta, Washington began to offer Americans a new point of view in order to challenge the ideology of white supremacy.This was a great achievement to this selfless Samaritan, as the disciples of Jesus would refer him during their time. Many years after the Atlanta speech, Washington often spoke up for civil and political rights. This is contrary to Professor Harlan’s contention that â€Å"his public utterances were limited to what whites approved† and that Washington’s actions on behalf of civil and political rights were exclusively part of his â€Å"secret life† of arranging court challenges and organizing protests but taking no public part.In fact, in 1896 Washington told the Washington Pos t that forcing blacks â€Å"to ride in a ‘Jim Crow’ car that is far inferior to that used by the white people is a matter that cannot stand much longer against the increasing intelligence and prosperity of the colored people. † Washington had several admirers and many of the se came in handy to help fight this ugly spirit called racism.He had several forums to speak the same message in a speech at a Spanish-American War Peace Jubilee in Chicago before people; Washington asserted that the United States had won all its battles but one, â€Å"the effort to conquer ourselves in the blotting out of racial prejudice. †¦ Until we thus conquer ourselves, I make no empty statement when I say that we shall have, especially in the Southern part of our country, a cancer gnawing at the heart of the Republic that shall one day prove as dangerous as an attack from an army without or within. † Dubois also worked very hard to enforce equality.This spans from the first time he came into public. No one could quench the thirst of seeing both white and black Americans live in total peace and in brotherly love. His major area of concern was education. Being a person of influence, majorly as an educationist come sociologist, Dubois always desired to have equal chance given to people of all races. He was a very practical man. This works well especially with a layman. At one point, Dubois organized a forum whereby he combined the learned and the illiterate citizens. This forum had people attending from cross- cultural background; both blacks and whites.This was meant to work for the common good of all Americans. Comparing the work done by the two civil activists, Booker mainly impacted the people in public forums, while Dubois did a great deal of work in academic institutions like schools and colleges. Currently as Souls would outline turmoil’s caused by color bar and racism, Dubois urged in his speeches that African Americans should choose path of revolt and radicalism (1969) . in another instance, while writing the Souls, Dubois asked a question â€Å" How does it feel to be a problem ? † (1969:44)In answering this question he explains what being an African American means in such a country and the unique challenges faced. In many of his lectures in the university, Dubois developed sessions where he taught about Negroism. He strongly believed that all there suffering was because of ignorance and would be alleviated through class. Dubois’ work was really a long term investment isn’t it? It is a sure fact that by impacting the lives of students, they would in turn spread the message to their local forks! In conclusion, Washington and Dubois were civil rights leaders, educational founders, and writers.They shared a positive relationship with Oberlin College and lectured at the college on a number of separate occasions. They also communicated on a number of occasions. Like Dubois, later in his career Washi ngton fell from the fore of civil rights activism because he was not radical enough for new progressive movements. Dube and Washington accomplished much for our society. They recognized the importance of practical education and pushed the boundaries of their respective segregated societies. In retrospect, both these activists have been charged with conservatism.While they challenged racial injustice, they nonetheless accepted most of the other social constraints that characterized their society. Above all, Washington and Dube, were pragmatic men, and perhaps it is their pragmatism that has led some to question their ultimate impact on the transformation of race relations in their respective nations .References: 1. Booker . T . Washington (1997) On Our Own Terms: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of African American Women. New York: Routledge. Pp 26-70.2. Dubois W. E. B, (1969). The souls of black forks. New York: Signet classics Pp23-48.

The Competitive Advantage of Nations

WHAT IS THE DIAMOND MODEL? definition The Diamond case of Michael doorman for the agonistical gain of Nations offers a assume that plunder help understand the comparative patch of a nation in spherical competition. The model pot also be used for major geographical regions. handed-down COUNTRY ADVANTAGES Traditionally, economic theory mentions the by-line factors for comparative advantage for regions or countries 1. priming 2. Location 3. Natural resources (minerals, energy) 4. Labor, and 5.Local state size. Because these 5 factors give notice just be influenced, this fits in a rather peaceable (inherited) view regarding national economic opportunity. CLUSTERS Porter says that sustain industrial growth has hardly ever been built on to a higher place mentioned basic inherited factors. Abundance of much(prenominal) factors may actually undermine agonistic advantage He introduces a plan called clusters or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers, related industries , and institutions, that spring up in certain locations.These clusters ar geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialise suppliers, service providers, and associated institutions in a particular field. They grow on locations where enough resources and competences amass and reach a critical threshold, giving it a secernate position in a presumption economic branch of activity, with a vital sustainable competitive advantage all over others places, or even a beingness supremacy in that field. Porter says clusters can influence competition in iii ways They can increase the productivity of the companies in the cluster. They can drive revolution in the field. They can stimulate clean businesses in the field. Some well-known examples of Clusters are ground forces/Silicon Valley (computers), Netherlands/Rotterdam (logistics), India/Bangalore (software outsourcing), USA/Hollywood (movies), France/Paris (fashion). According to Porter, as a rule competitive adva ntage of nations is the outcome of 4 interlinked advanced factors and activities in and between companies in these clusters. These can be influenced in a pro-active way by government. INTERLINKED ADVANCED FACTORS FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1.The Strategy, bodily structure and Rivalry of Firms. The world is dominated by dynamic conditions. Direct competition impels firms to make up for increases in productivity and innovation. 2. Demand Conditions. If the customers in an economy are very geting, the obligate facing firms to constantly improve their engagement via innovative products, through high quality, etc, give be greater. 3. Related Supporting Industries. spatial proximity of upstream or downriver industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a endless exchange of ideas and innovations. 4. Factor Conditions.Contrary to conventional wisdom, Porter argues that the key factors of occupation (or specialise factors) are created, not inherited. Specialized factors of production are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. Non-key factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can be obtained by any ships company and, hence, do not generate keep up competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to match. This creates a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are valuable.THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE DIAMOND MODEL OF PORTER The authority of government in the Diamond Model of Porter is to act as a catalyst and challenger it is to get along or even push companies to raise their aspirations and run to higher levels of competitive performance. They must encourage companies to raise their performance, to stimulate early demand for advanced products, to focus on specialized factor creation and to stimulate topical anesthetic rivalry by limiting aspire cooperation and enforcing anti-trust regulations. THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF NATIONSPorter introduced this model in his al-Quran The Competitive wages of Nations, after having done research in ten leading trading nations. The book was the first theory of competitiveness establish on the causes of the productivity with which companies compete. Instead of conventional comparative advantages such as lifelike resources and pools of labor. This book should be considered obligatory nurture for government economic strategists. It is also exceedingly recommended for corporate strategists that are interested in the macro-economic environment of corporations.